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国际医学科学界的重要肯定
李山玉，舒天署名的《中医药新发展：象数治疗作为一种特殊的自然疗法》论文于2016年在《
美洲中国医学杂志》第四期（季刊）首篇位置登出 （Vol 44, No. 7/ 2016）. 这件历时两年多的
工程，在大家的热心支持帮助下，在舒天老师和一些有识之士的辛勤努力下，虽然也经过艰难曲折，
反反复复，但还是没能阻止这一有利于人民健康的创新事业在西方科学界的正式传播。《美洲中
国医学杂志》是一部比较东西方医学(中西医》的国际性学术期刊（每季一期）；由“美国亚洲科学
和医学高级研究院”、“世界卫生组织传统医学合作中心”出版发行（目前，“世界科技出版公司”
取得了该杂志亚太区独家代理权）。
一、《美洲中国医学杂志》创刊于1973年。是一本年代较久，内容广泛、质量优良，有权威、
有影响力的国际性医学科学学术期刊。刊登全球有人类传统医学（中医）研究的优秀著作、论文。
其内容包括：
1、传统医学的基础理论研究；传统医学的治疗技术、传统医学植物用药的理论和临床研究；
2、从事历史、文化、大众保健和社会经济等角度对传统医学的临床治疗各健康保健等课题进多学科
研究；
3、比较在不同文化背景下所产生的医学，以及各国政策法规对传统医学产生的影响（例如：发展中
国家的健康保健、医疗费用支付以及医疗保健技术的转移等课题）；
4、对古典医学著作的注解释义，或对人类传统医学现代外文著作文稿的翻译；
二、《美洲中国医学杂志》主要栏目包括：科学研究报告、综述、编辑评论、医疗政策评论、
简讯、参考文献、研究指导、给编者的信、论著介绍、精选著作翻印……
三、《美洲中国医学杂志》被列入以下著名的检索工具：
生物学摘要(Biological Abstract)；
现行内容/临床实践(Current Contents/Clinical
医学索引(Index Medicus)；
科学引用文献(Science Citation SCI)。
《中医药新发展：象数治疗作为一种特殊的自然疗法》论文在《美洲中国医学杂志》上发表，是对
“八卦象数疗法”创始人李山玉老师三十多年来不畏艰难困苦，不畏重重压力，勇于创新、勇于实践
之科学研究成果的重要肯定；是对中国传统医学文化的支持及高度赞许；是对中国传统文化瑰宝
《易经》的弘扬和推动；也是为促进人类健康事业作出的伟大贡献！
“八卦象数疗法”必将以此为契机，生机勃勃、欣欣向荣向前发展，为更多有缘大众和有识之士所接
受和仰止；必将根深缔固，扎根于华夏沃土，繁茂于世界之林。
感谢在论文编写及翻译工作中给予大力支持的胡涵普先生！周进女士、邢若琪女士！
青岛山玉自然疗法研究所（丁酉年正月）
《美洲中国医学杂志》44卷，第7号，1-13页
@2016世界科学出版社
亚洲医学高等研究所
中医药新发展：
象数治疗—— 一种特殊的自然疗法
李山玉 史蒂文森-舒天
中国青岛山玉自然疗法研究所
加拿大埃德蒙顿补充医学和替代医学研究所
摘要：中医药源自中国传统文化。例如，八卦符号由阴和阳组成。根据东方哲学，宇宙中的一切都有两面性，
即形象（或符号）和数字（或码）。本文介绍了一种新的概念和象数疗法的历史背景，它是一种可以治疗各
种疾病的自然疗法。象数疗法源于中医，可追溯到《易经》，这种遗产已被纳入现代发展和实践中。本文所
提到的使用象数疗法成功治疗的案例配方与中医的药方原理相一致。本文提到的所有材料均来自第一手临床
观察，有中医理论支持。象数疗法的治疗效果是直接的，值得更广泛和更深入的研究。象数疗法和其他相关
疗法激发了大家对中医精髓的进一步探索及对中医原理的更深入理解。
道家哲学认为，宇宙是一个相互联系的整体，具有全息图形特征。古代出版物引用的现象和描述是持怀疑态
度和批判精神的现代科学不能完全解释的，例如量子现象和人类情感，或意识对不同DNA的影响远远高于光速
的速度。用于诊断和配方的象数就是这种现象的一个例子。 象数疗法是一种自然疗法，以中医理论为基础，遵
循中医诊断，从业者设计整体象数配方，并要求患者冥想和默念配方，利用人体的场效应达到阴阳平衡。“在
所有效应中，根据易经道理放空，没有思想，没有行动，静止没有运动，但追随智慧行动时，渗透到一切现象
的根本，创造所有的奇迹......”。 象数疗法可以完全激活身体的能量，实现自我调理、自卫、自愈和自我效能
的效果。因此，象数配方可用于促进健康和治疗疾病。
为了更有效地研究中医，我们首先必须学习和理解这些原则和东方思维的方法。术语“类比”或“比类取象”
与科学逻辑思考不同，它被认为是一种更有效的方法。比类取象是指使用符号、想象比喻直观概念或抽象意义来
代表客观世界。换句话说，想象力思维的方法是使用比类取象的思维方式来掌握一个人的性格或属性特征。这也
用于识别和理解目的模拟。图像思维用于基于类似物来分类或指定类别，具有已知对象或相同字符的研究对象，
在其它的派生过程中看起来类似。形象思维不限于特定的图像范围的东西或事物，相反，图像思维允许无限类比
的功能，以及同一前提的动态属性。一方面，图像思维有自己的意义，连接到抽象概念的形象和符号，这提高了
我们对客观世界重要性的理解。
另一方面，图像思维用推理与类比，直观地理解客观世界。这种方法已经广泛应用于中医理论如五行理论。 象
数疗法深深依赖中医原理，站在中医的本质上，展现人与人之间的真实联系, 身体和宇宙通过无形的能量和信息系
统或气进行交流，这被认为是中医的秘密，很容易被现代社会误解。象数疗法应用全息原理和“状态和趋势”
（态势学）的实践和诊断，这使得中医整体治疗更加实用。象数疗法的应用可以激励中医的进一步发展，促进大
家理解中医的本质。
八卦的基础
易经也称为“变革之书”，被视为中国文化的根源，并作为伟大智慧的源泉展示“状态和趋势”的普遍规律——
发展、往复和一切宇宙变化。易经哲学认为宇宙是一个整体，存在能量和信息。易经已经有数千年的历史。在易系
统中，易有太极，是生两仪，两仪生四象，四象生八卦。八卦最早是在伏羲时期（公元前7500至5500年）“完全展
示精神和智慧的（看不见的）属性，并且分类许多的事物本质。莱布尼茨理论的创始指出，“伏羲的8卦和64卦作
为一个逻辑，语言，数学和科学基础创立了阴历 - 阳历等理论思想，而不仅是占卜。伏羲的8卦和64卦的二进制在
中国实际上被追溯到至少4500多年前。伏羲八卦的3D模型结合到二进制信息系统被用以建立科学日历及天文学。
易经的理论和实践几乎渗透了所有中医和气功的理论。在过去几千年里，中医实践者们认为易经和中医有着相同
的起源。大约两千年前，医圣张仲景发现了每个卦中六爻的变化，根据六经理论提出了辩证理论。他创立了112种
经典方剂（译者注：百度显示《伤寒论》收集113方剂）及伤寒病的论述。一切方剂是根据易经八卦的原理，并成
为中药的标准配方。虽然它不解决特定的疾病，而是着重于加强机体的免疫力。但因为它深深地揭示疾病的固有本
质，他的书已被广泛使用。唐代中医师孙思邈说“不知易不足以言太医“。明朝中医医师张景岳是《类经》和
《景岳全书》的作者，他指出《易经》的‘易’字意味着容易，包括阴和阳，动态和静态。
易医直接用64卦来分析患者的健康状况。 从广义的中医角度讲，易经的象数将“数字”视为一种特殊的“形象”，
它不考虑数量多少，而是考虑质的定性，因为它比代表的经典数字更容易比类“形象”的意义。 很容易从符号数
字推断一些事情。 它方便计算卦的天干地支、阴历和五行元素，或相关的人体五脏六。
符号数字是考古现象，在日历中使用它解释状态和趋势的理论。 把人体看作小宇宙，可以用易经的象征数字来
描述，这是一个模拟形态，代表健康状况。 基于中医关于象数的启示中一些基本特征，我们开发了象数的配方治
疗并应用于临床实践。 治疗严格遵循易经的哲学和方法论，并应用“状态和趋势”的独特功能。易医以简单的高
精度诊断治疗为患者提供全面整体的数字配方。
八卦的结构
八卦是八个图形符号，每个卦有三个部分，由阳线（—）和阴线（- -）组成。 有关图表符号，请参见表1。 图表代
表八个基本现象，并显示了所有的宇宙事物最初是从太极的阴阳二气演化而来的。
简而言之，八卦涵盖了宇宙中的一切。 每个卦都有自己的卦形、卦名、卦数、象义和功能属性。八卦是个
整体运动和平衡的观点。 以八卦为核心，以五行为工具，象数反映了宇宙永恒的变革和运动原则。
八卦符号和数字是“八卦理论”中的常用术语，具有无限的内涵。八卦的每个符号对应于特定数字。八卦图
形符号和数字就像一枚硬币的两面，显示各种各样不同阶段的变化。八卦符号确定一个数字，而该数字反映八
卦的符号。易经本身就是这些符号的结论。八卦表示宇宙的基本属性，并抽象为8组。根据孔子的诠释，“乾卦
表示马或首; 坤卦是牛或腹部; 震卦象征龙或足; 巽卦表示禽类或腿股; 坎卦代表猪或耳; 离卦是鸡或眼睛; 艮卦是
狗或手; 兑卦表示羊或口。“在这里，术语“代表”的概念不意味着“与其”相同，“等于”或“即是”。简而
言之，八卦本身只是宇宙事物有代表性的象征。有关八卦图形的分类和表示的其他示例，请参考到表1。
八卦知识的理解比通常的科学知识更灵活。 内涵可以从比类取象中理解。比类，或“隐性知识”，补充了科学
思维的限制，它源于易经方法论。 比类使用感官、抽象意义、图像、直观概念和符号来传达对象的意义和现象的
领悟。 逐渐地，通过遵循比类的规则，复杂的现象在人类生理学和病理学中发生的症状可以在中医中被理解归纳。
八卦图形
任何卦符的所谓“数字”只是一个象征数字。八卦包括先天八卦和后天八卦。先天八卦是由伏羲（公元前
7500-5500年）创立的，称为“伏羲卦”。后天八卦是由周文王（公元前1100年）创立的卦符，被称为“文王卦”。
伏羲的先天方位和文王的后天卦辞阐明了系统的特征。象数疗法采用先天八卦的数字和后天八卦的方位（见图1）。
要注意的是伏羲八卦图中所示的方向，与现代地图的方向相反。根据易经的解释，定位的理论基础先天八卦认为：
天地定位、山泽通气、雷风相薄、水火不相射。
象数疗法—— 一种自然疗法
八卦的基本内涵：
数字 自然界 属性（卦德）五行 人体对应 家庭成员
——————————————————————————————————
1 天 健 金 首、大肠 父亲
2 泽 悦 金 肺、口 三女（少女）
3 火 丽 火 心、目 二女（中女）
4 雷 震 木 肝、足 长子（长男）
5 风 入 木 胆、股 长女
6 水 陷 水 肾、耳 二子（中男）
7 山 止 土 胃、手 三子（少男）
8 地 顺 土 脾、腹 母亲
象数表明，整个物质世界是一个相互联系的整体。伏羲八卦描述了物理世界的结构模式（宏观和微观）
和系统，其中所有的物体，从行星到人类细胞的分布像卦象结构，遵循“生物全息和自然全息法”。 先
天八卦是自然宇宙的模拟，它们显示了阴阳随时空产生的变化。 乾（天）是阳。 阳的能量从震（雷）
到离（火）到兑（沼泽），到乾（天）为顶峰。 坤（地球）是阴。 阴的能量从巽（风）移到坎（水）
到艮（山）然后到坤（地）。
后天八卦更关心地球和人的关系，被视为身体的功能，是四季运动和变化的模拟发展。 八卦与五行密
切相关。 它将所有东西分为五组元素：木指的震和巽（雷与风）; 火指离卦（火）; 土意味坤艮，大地和
高山; 金对应兑与乾（沼泽和天堂），水指坎卦（水）。 表2说明了先天八卦和人体部位的对应关系。 用
家庭关系作为比喻，一切都是出于乾（天）和坤（地），阳和阴，父亲和母亲。所有物体都包含阴阳的特点。
象数疗法基本要点
当默念象数配方时，信息/能量可以发出波频。这些波频可以影响整个身体，或导致特定身体部位被激活和
振动，或触发相应的八卦能量场重新排列成有序状态。人和自然一起的和谐振动能量可以影响机体直到疗愈。
象数配方的读法
九个数字0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8可以用不同的语言来默念。配方中的0读为零，配方3810读为叁捌壹零。
象数配方的结构
最简单的结构是一元结构，例如650或30；有两元结构，例如650·30，或三元结构，例如650·30·820等。
象数配方的组成
象数配方中的数字组合遵循中医“母子补泻”的规则。 补泻时，数字由单一单元结构组成；当生或克时，
数字在独立的单元内。例如，在肝血液缺乏的情况下，配方640表示水生木，并加强肝脏血液。 如果肝气过
剩，配方为430或4300，因为木生火可以疏肝气滞。如果肝气在虚实之间，需要平补平泻时，数字由独立结
构组成。例如，股麻配方为50。
0的功能和用法
象数配方中使用的0具有特殊的含义和功能。 古人使用0表明太极的原始混沌（生命原动力）现象或特殊状
态。没有太极原生的元气，就没有八卦。 临床实践表明0加强了信息波的能量，音波使得气流畅通并调理阴
阳。一般来说，偶数0加强阴，奇数0加强阳。数字前面的0补阴，在数字后面的0补阳。 数字前后都加0有助
于平衡阴阳。
象数配方的示例
在象数配方的实践中，患者也可以根据他们的需要和健康状况接受其他治疗。 象数配方的应用是一种自我
修复、自我平衡和自我解毒的动态实践。它是一种与宇宙连接的宇宙的能量场，影响个体气场的流通，通过
不可见能量最终改变人体状况。象数配方实践旨在平衡人体健康。
象数配方能量领域的阴阳“泻其余而补其不足”。在象数配方中，每一元都用零调节阴和阳。这种动态平衡
产生时间和空间上变化。例如，用降浊气的象数配方 0007000可治愈疼痛。但是如果默念时间过长，这个配方
则会引起下肢的沉重感和腰部的僵硬。这是因为象数配方中的山（艮卦，7）携带“不动”、“静止”和“沉重”
的能量。山暗示土壤，它可以干扰水（肾脏，土克水），使肾脏周围的部分（如腰部）感觉僵硬和负重。所以，
配方是动态的，需要根据情况进行调整。
例如在冬天，象数配方 640·80产生冷的感觉，而配方380·650引起温暖的感觉。 象数配方中的每个数字组
合都有特殊的温度信息和阴阳特点。 配方 640·80包含更多的阴，而配方380·650有更多的阳。 象数配方设置
应该随着不同的症状和新的情况而改变阴阳。身体不适症状消失后，还应该继续默念配方直到疾病完全治愈。
适当和正确的象数配方会带来舒适感，使身体放松和精力充沛。 这样的配方可以连续使用，否则需要改用另
一个象数配方。
诊断原则和象数配方
象数配方基于中医诊断，这是基于“所有内部疾病都有外在表现”的理论。在此基础上，象数配方的施治者
通过辨别各种症状即能配出相应的配方。如果人体中某一方面有病变，一些相应的部位会出现颜色、音色、
喜好、气味、脉搏等异常变化。这些变化都能给出非常直接的诊断提示。八纲辨证有助于中医医生做出完整
的诊断。所有相关症状的组合通常表现出疾病的性质。基于辨证诊断，“补不足，损有余”。象数疗法用
“母子补泻”，或“母生子”，生是补其子（对孩子而言），母生也是泻其本身（对母亲而言）。如果既不
需要补也不需要泻，“平补平泻”将提升内部器官的重要气机。对于肺气不足，象数配方可用720。道理是
艮7（土，母亲）生兑金2（金，子），就是母生子，加强气的效率。对于肺气过旺，配方可用260或2600。
湿寒病症需要加奇数的零升阳，调理阳亢需要加偶数的零降温。
应用“母子补泻法”遵循“表和本”的治疗规则，“异病同治”，或“同病异治”等。例如，由脾虚和肾虚
引起的腹痛和腹泻通常不是急症，所以根本原因可以通过提升热能滋养脾和肾而治愈。 象数配方650·80补肾
阳，以及用“8”振动脾。 象数配方温暖地激活脾脏和肾脏，加强活血、驱寒。另一方面，症状如严重的疼痛、
尿潴留或昏迷等急症，首先控制表面症状，然后调理本因，或同时治疗表症和根本原因。例如，耳聋是由不同
的综合原因引起的：肾功能虚弱包括头晕，背痛，疲劳和脉搏弱，可通过补肾治疗所有症状。 象数配方260表
示金2（兑卦）生肾水6（坎卦）。肝胆过旺综合症包括头痛或头晕、鼻充血、口苦、喉咙干燥、肋骨疼痛、
舌苔厚腻和脉搏紧绷，相应的处理使用疏肝经。 象数配方为4300，表示木生火并泻肝脏。这是一个“用不同的
方法治疗同样疾病”的例子。
以“同样的方法治疗不同的疾病”适用于本因同样，但症状不同。 例如，腹泻，脱肛垂和由脾虚引起的子宫脱
垂具有相同的根本原因。 无论何种不同的症状，根本原因可以通过增强脾来治疗。象数配方通常是380·20加强
脾和补气。
象数配方设计方法
象数配方类似于中医草药或针灸处方。设计象数配方使用比类取象是基于脏腑理论和生理的症状，以及它们
与人物、形状和所有物体的关系。 震卦，数字4，表示足。 用0（零）放在4前面或之后有助于重要的气运行。
例如，李小姐因脚踝扭伤而无法行走，局部肿胀疼痛。 默念配方0004000，受伤的脚踝感到时冷时热，最终变
得更加舒适。 病人可以在约20分钟后步行并在四天后完全恢复。 数字4前后各添加三个零有助于减轻肿胀，通
过调节阴阳分散瘀滞，并促进血液循环。
选择脏象理论设计配方
根据脏象理论，兑卦2主肺，“肺主皮肤和毛发”。 2通常可用于治疗皮肤病，特别是加上0之后。例如，大小
姐（音译）突发荨麻疹，无法忍受瘙痒，失眠和痛苦，服药后所有痛苦都没有任何改进。 在读完0002几分钟后，
她感到全身放松，舒适。10分钟后，瘙痒减轻。 2疏散了外部病原体。 三个零前面的2加强了祛风和利水的效果。
把指向阴的几位0放在数字前面疏泻并防止风太强。
选择基于“君、臣、佐、使”方法设计配方
这种中医药处方的方法强调了优先和次优的顺序和效果，以此使用草药的组合实现更好的疗效。 肝阳过旺，
伴有头晕，头痛，焦虑和缺乏睡眠等综合症可以用640·30·80治疗。 水（坎，6）是“君主”，滋养肾阴。
雷（震，4）是“部长”，补充肝阴。 数字640养阴和抑制过旺的阳。 地（坤，8）是“助手”。 数字80加强
脾脏，清理和排毒。 火（离，3）是一种“佐剂”调理心脏。 数字30可以减少焦虑和安宁心灵。
遵循子午流注选择象数配方
山（艮，7）主胃，与从脚到头的阳明胃经有关，经过鼻子附近。 鼻病可以用07配方治疗。 例如，凌先生
（音译）由于鼻炎而头痛。 当他默念07，症状当天被治愈。
选择基于五行的象数配方
象数配方强调0的效果，通常在数字前后位置灵活使用奇数或偶数0以达到不同的效果。对于急性结膜炎，
配方是00300。 火（离卦）是3并调节眼睛。 3的前后都加了偶数0，加强清热，抑制和消散急性结膜炎的炎
症。 默念象数的质量直接影响愈合的效果，如同气功禅修的道理。 所有患者必须放松整个身体，打开他/她
的心灵，积极思考，保持安静，诚实，信任，快乐，充满爱，并感激宇宙中的一切。 患者可以随时默念配方，
早晨醒后、晚上入睡前默念效果更佳。 当默念象数配方时，可能会发生一些反应，但对患者不会产生任何副
作用。
结论
比类取象是了解事物的所有动态属性及功能和无限比喻的智慧。 象数疗法更加清晰、生动地体现了中医
规则的灵活性，可以促进对中医本质的更好的理解，显示人体之间的真实联系和宇宙通过不可见的能量（气）
的相互作用。一些中医经典理论3000年前已经很好地理解了在现代科学的新发现中的内容，例如情感能量
传输的速度以及人类心脏的独特功能。 象数疗法可用于治疗各种疾病，甚至用于一些急症。 象数疗法的
特征包括：回归自然（保持患者的身体和心灵放松和自然）; 自由（治疗方式对周围条件没有特殊要求如
时间、地点和环境）;自我控制（患者尽可能多默念一个单独设计的配方）。 象数配方的主要优点是方便、
低成本、零副作用和安全性。 象数配方可以与其他治疗一起使用。在特殊情况下，其他人帮忙助念也可
以获得治疗的效果。更重要的是，象数配方不仅可用于治疗疾病，而且有利于预防潜在的健康问题。案例
研究和有关信息请参考列出的相关文献。
New Development in Traditional Chinese
Medicine: Symbolism-Digit Therapy
as a Special Naturopathic Treatment
Shanyu Li * and Stevenson Xutian †
* The Shanyu Naturopathic Institute, Qingdao, China
† Canadian Institute of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Edmonton, Canada
Published
Abstract: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) grew out of traditional Chinese culture. For
example, the eight-diagram symbol is composed of the Yang and the Yin. According to
oriental philosophy, everything in the universe has a two-sided property, namely an image
(or symbol) and a number (or digit). This paper introduces the new concept and historical
background of symbolism-digit therapy (SDT), which is a natural therapy for the treatment of
various kinds of diseases. SDT is of TCM heritage, which can be traced back to the ancient
publications such as Yi Jing, and this heritage has been incorporated into modern develop-
ment and practices. The successful treatments using SDT presented in this paper use
formulas and/or prescriptions in accordance with TCM. All materials presented in this paper
come from first-hand clinical observations, which are supported by TCM theories. Effects of
SDT treatments are straightforward and worthy of broader and deeper investigation. SDT and
other relevant therapies motivate the further exploration of the essence of TCM to improve
the understanding of TCM principles.
Keywords: Traditional Chinese Medicine; Symbolism Digit Therapy; Qi Field; Imagery
Analogism; Review.
Introduction
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) grew out of traditional Chinese culture, and TCM
theory has been used in medical diagnosis and treatment in China for several thousand
years (Chang et al., 2014; Xiao et al., 2015; Zha et al., 2015). The essence of the TCM is
reflected in three ancient books: Yi Jing ( ) (Sung, 1935; Yang, 1989), Dao De Jing
( ) (She, 2012; Lu, 1997), and Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor ( )
Correspondence to: Dr. Stevenson Xutian, Canadian Institute of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Re-
search, #105, 6303-104 Ave. NW Edmonton, Alberta T6A 0X9, Canada. E-mail: xutian1@netzero.net
The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, Vol. 44, No. 7, 1–13
© 2016 World Scientific Publishing Company
Institute for Advanced Research in Asian Science and Medicine
DOI: 10.1142/S0192415X16500737
AQ:
Please provide
Telephone &
Fax info.
(People’s Health Publishing House, 1991). The three publications not only greatly influ-
enced Chinese culture, but also influenced the philosophies of many other countries. The
essence of the three books is the Taoist’s belief that the universe keeps changing into
various forms of appear/disappear, ( / ) visible/invisible ( / ), and material/
energy/information ( / / ).
Tao philosophy believes that the universe is a connected reciprocal whole, with holo-
graphic characteristics. The ancient publications cited phenomena and presented statements
which the skeptical and critical modern science cannot completely explain, such as
Quantum phenomena and human emotion, or the conscious’ influence on separated DNA
over long distances at much higher speeds than light (Braden, 2013; Han, 2011). One
example of such phenomena is the Symbolism-Digit ( ), which is used in TCM di-
agnosis and prescriptions. SDT ( ) is a kind of naturopathy (Yuan, 2006), and is
based on the theoretical framework and practical pattern of TCM. Following the TCM
diagnosis, the practitioner designs a holistic SDT prescription (( ), a digital formula)
and asks the patient to meditate and recite the prescription to help balance the Yin-Yang
and utilize “effects of Qi field” ( ) of the human body (Lu, 1997; Liu et al., 2015).
“In all operations, according to ‘Yi Jing’, there is no thought and no action, being still
without movement, but following the wisdom when acting on, penetrating to the root of all
phenomena, and creating all miracles…” (Sung, 1935). SDT can fully activate the body’s
energy field and achieve the effects of self-organization, self-defense, self-healing and self-
regulation. Therefore, the SDT prescription can be used to promote health and cure illness.
To study TCM more effectively, we first have to learn and understand the principles and
method of oriental thinking. The term “analogism” or “imagery analogism” ( )
(Sung, 1935; Rao, 2006; Wang et al., 2015) is different from the logic of scientific
thinking, and it is considered more advantageous. The connotation of analogism refers to
the use of emotional, imaginative, and intuitive concepts, or abstract meanings, of symbols
to represent the objective world. In other words, the methodology of imaginative thinking
is to use analogical and symbolic ways of thinking to grasp the character or property of an
object. This is also used to recognize and comprehend objects for the purpose of
simulation. Imagery thinking is used to classify or specify categories based on similar
research subjects with known objects or identical characters, in a derived process in other
ways that may seem similar. Imagery thinking is not limited to a specific range of images
of the thing or things alike; rather, imagery thinking allows infinite analogizing of the
functional relationship, and the dynamic properties of the same premise. On the one hand,
imagery thinking has its own meaning, connected to the image of abstract concepts and
symbols, which improves our understanding of the significance of the objective world. On
the other hand, imagery thinking combines reasoning by analogy with an intuitive un-
derstanding of the objective world. This method has been widely used in TCM theories
such as the Five-element theory (Zhang, 1991; Li and Li, 2009; Field, 2013; Xutian et al.,
2014). The SDT practice deeply relies on TCM principles to promote a better under-
standing of the essence of TCM, and to manifest the real connection between the human
body and the universe through invisible energy and information systems or Qi with Qigong
(Lu, 1997). This is considered the secret of TCM and is easily misunderstood by modern
2 S. LI & S. XUTIAN
society. The SDT applies the holographic principles and the “state and tendency” ( )
of Yi Jing to practice and diagnosis, which makes TCM holistic treatments more practical
and flexible. The application of SDT can motivate the further development and under-
standing of the essence of TCM.
The Foundation of the Trigrams (Eight Diagrams)
Yi Jing ðYi King or I ChingÞ, also called The Book of Changes (Sung, 1935; Yang, 1989),
is regarded as the root of Chinese culture, and as a source of great wisdom demonstrating
the universal law of “State and Tendency” — the developing, reciprocating, and changing
universe and all things in it. The Yi Jing philosophy believes that the universe is an entity of
matter, energy and information. Yi Jing has been practiced and examined for thousands of
years under different environments. In the system of the Yi (one) there was the grand
terminus before Yin-Yang showed up, which produced the two elementary forms. The two
forms (perhaps Yin-Yang, or time and space) produced the four emblematic symbols,
which again produced the eight trigrams” (Sung, 1935) (Table 1). The trigrams (eight
diagrams) were first invented in the Fuxi’s period (about 7500 to 5500 BC) “to show fully
the (unseen) attributes of spirit and intelligence, and to classify the qualities of many
things” (Sung, 1935).” The founder of Leibniz theory, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–
1716) stated that “Fuxi’s 8 trigrams and 64 hexagrams served as a logical, linguistic,
mathematical, and scientific basis for establishing the lunar-solar calendars and other
theoretical thoughts, rather than the divination.” Leibniz also included that, “The binary
order of Fuxi’s 8 trigrams and 64 hexagrams had actually been traced back to at least 4,500
years ago in China” (1703–1716 AC) (Deng, 2011). 3D-models of Fuxi’s Trigrams were
incorporated into a binary information system for establishing a calendar for science and
astronomy.
The theories and practices explained in Yi Jing have permeated virtually all theories of
TCM and Qigong. In the past several thousands of years, TCM practitioners have un-
derstood that Yi Jing and TCM share the same origin. About two thousand years ago, TCM
sage Zhang Zhongjing initiated the changes in six lines of each trigram ( ) and created
the “Differentiation of Syndromes According to Theory of the Six Meridians”. He also
designed 112 classic formulas in The Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Disease. All the
formulas were developed according to the principles of the Yi Jing Trigrams, and became
the standard formulas in TCM. His book has been widely used as it deeply reveals
the inherent nature of diseases, though it does not address a particular illness, but rather
focuses on strengthening the body’s immunity (Zhang, 1994). TCM physician Sun Simiao
of the Tang Dynasty said “whoever doesn’t know Yi Jing shouldn’t claim himself or herself
a good TCM practitioner” (Sun, 1969). TCM physician Zhang Jingyue of the Ming
Dynasty was the author of the book entitled The Classified Inner Canon of the Yellow
Emperor, and the book entitled The Complete Collection of Dr. Jingyue. He also pointed
out, “Yi Jing’s Yi ( ) simply means easy, and includes Yin and Yang, movements and
statics.” He directly utilized the 64 hexagrams to analyze a patient’s health status (Zhang,
1991). In the broad scope of TCM, the Yi Jing’s symbolism-digit treats “numbers” (or
SYMBOLISM-DIGIT THERAPY AS NATUROPATHY 3
digits) as a special kind of “image”, which is not in favor of the quantitative aspect, but the
qualitative aspect, because it is easier to access than the classic numbers representing the
“image” of meanings. It is easy to deduce several things from the symbolism-digit. It is
easy to count the number of hexagrams, the lunar numbers, and the five elements, or relate
them to the internal five organs (People’s Health Publishing House, 1991; Hung et al.,
2015; Li et al., 2015).
The symbolism-digit records archeological phenomena and uses it in the calendar
(Deng, 2011) to explain the theory of state and tendency. The human body, viewed as a
small universe, can be described by Yi Jing’s symbolism-digit, which is an analog repre-
senting health status. Inspired by TCM physicians’ hints about the symbolism-digit and
some essential characteristic of TCM, we have developed the format of symbolism-digit
therapy (SDT) and applied it in clinical practice. The therapy strictly follows Yi Jing’s
philosophy or methodology, and applies the unique function of “State and Tendency” from
Yi Jing (Yang, 1989) to the simplified TCM diagnosis with high accuracy. The therapy
provides a holistic digital prescription for patients.
Structures of the Trigrams
Trigrams are eight diagram symbols, each with three parts ( ) called Gua ( , ), which
are composed of the Yang (—) and the Yin (- -). See Table 1 for diagram symbols. The
diagrams represent the eight fundamental phenomena and show that the universe of all
things originally developed from the Qi (energy) of Yin and Yang. In short, Trigrams cover
Table 1. Diagram of the Evolutional Sequence of the Former Heaven Trigrams
4 S. LI & S. XUTIAN
everything in the universe. Each trigram has its own diagram, name, digit, symbolic things
and functional properties. The Trigrams are views of holistic motion and balance. With the
Trigrams at the core, and Five-Elements as a situation-specific tool, the symbolism-digit
reflects the universe’s eternal principles of change and movement.
Symbols and Digits of the Trigrams
The symbols and digits of trigrams are common terms in the Theory of Trigrams with
infinite connotations. At the most basic level, each symbol of a trigram corresponds to a
specific digit. The trigram symbols and digits are like two sides of a coin that show various
aspects of change at different stages. A trigram symbol determines a digit, and that digit
reflects the trigram symbol. Yi Jing itself is the conclusion of these symbols.
Trigrams represent the basic properties of the universe, and are abstracted into 8 groups.
To paraphrase Confucius, “Qian suggests the idea of a horse or the head; Kun, an ox or the
belly; Zhen, the Dragon or the feet; Xun, a fowl or the thighs; Kan, a pig or the ears; Li, a
pheasant or the eyes; Gen, a dog or the hands; and Dui, a sheep or the mouth.” In this
quotation, the term “suggests the idea of” does not mean “the same as”, “equal to” or “is”.
In short, a trigram itself is nothing but a representative symbol of something in the uni-
verse. For additional examples of the classifications and representations of trigrams, refer
to Table 1.
Understanding in symbolism-digit knowledge is more flexible than it is in general sci-
entificknowledge.Connotationscanbeunderstoodfromtheimageryanalogism(Field,2013;
Sung, 1935; Zhang, 1994). Analogism, or “tacit knowledge”, supplements the limitation of
scientific thought, which is derived from methodology. Analogism uses the senses, abstract
meanings, images, intuitive concepts, and symbols convey meaning about an object or
phenomenon. Gradually, by following the rules of analogies, the greatly complicated phe-
nomena occurring in human physiology and pathology can be understood in TCM.
Eight Diagrams with Three Lines
The so-called “digit” of any trigram is simply a symbolic digit ( ). Trigram digits
include the Former Heaven format and the Later Heaven format. The Former Trigrams
were believed to be created by King Fuxi ( , 7500–5500 BC), hence they are also
called “Fuxi Trigrams”. The Later Trigrams, created by King Wen ( , 1100 BC) of the
ZhouDynasty,arecalled“KingWen’sTrigram”. TheFuxiTrigramsdefineorientation, and
KingWen’sTrigrams illustratethepostnatalcharacterofthesystem.Thesymbolism-digitin
SDT accesses the Former Trigrams digit and the Later Trigrams diagram (see Fig. 1).
It is important to be aware of the orientation as indicated in the Fuxi Trigrams Diagram,
which is opposite to the orientation of modern maps. The theoretical basis for positioning
the Former Heaven Trigrams, per the Yi Jing explanation, was because the positions of
heaven and earth are fixed, and the positions of mountain and swamps are complementary;
thunder and wind help each other, whereas fire and water face each other.
SYMBOLISM-DIGIT THERAPY AS NATUROPATHY 5
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Symbolism-Digit states that the entire material world is an interconnecting and flowing
system. The Fuxi Trigrams describe the structural patterns of the physical world (macro-
scopic and microcosmic) systems in which all objects, from planets to human cells,
are distributed like the trigram structure, following the “bio-holographic and natural ho-
lographic laws”. The Former Heaven Trigrams are the simulation of the natural universe,
which show how Yin and Yang correlate over time. Qian (Heaven) is Yang. Yang energy
moves from Zhen (Thunder) to Li (Fire) to Dui (Marsh) and to Qian (Heaven), where it
peaks. Kun (Earth) is Yin. Yin energy moves from Xun (Wind) to Kan (Water) to Gen
(Mountain) and to Kun (Earth), where it peaks.
The Later Heaven Trigrams are more concerned with the relationship of earth and man,
viewed as the function of body, and are the simulation of the movement and the dynamic
development of all things within the four seasons. The trigram relates closely to five
orientations, and five-elements. It categorizes all things into five groups of elements: Wood
refers to Zhen & Xun (Thunder & Wind); Fire refers to Li (Fire); Earth refers to Kun &
Gen (Earth & Mountain]; Metal refers to Dui & Qian (Marsh & Heaven), and Water refers
to Kan (Water). Table 2 illustrates the correspondence between the Former Trigrams digits
and human body’s parts/organs. Using the family relationship as an analogy, all things are
given birth by the Qian (Heaven) and Kun (Earth), Yang and Yin, father and mother.
All things contain the characteristics of Yin and Yang.
Basics of Symbolism-Digit Therapy (SDT)
SDT treatment is based on the meditation and silent repetition of the assigned digital
formula ( ). It can be used alone or in combination with other treatments. Similar to
TCM, SDT emphasizes personalized treatments that are based on syndrome differentiation
diagnoses of individual patients. It opposes the use of a same formula for different patients
who have the same illness. Each individual is offered a personalized holistic formula. In a
SDT formula, the first unit (of digits) has the first healing effect. Reciting the appropriate
digit set can help reprogram the energy field to promote health (Lu, 1997; She, 2012).
Often, reciting a specific SDT formula can better align the universe and the body’s energy
Table 2. Trigram’s Basic Properties (or Representation)
Digit Image in Nature Basic Attribute Five-Element Body Parts Family Relation
1 Heaven/Sky Strong Metal Head, large intestine Father
2 Marsh pool Joyful Metal Lung, mouth Third daughter
3 Fire Beautiful Fire Heart, eye Second daughter
4 Thunder Moving Wood Liver, foot First son
5 Wind Penetrating Wood Gall-blader, thigh First daughter
6 Water Sinking Water Kidney, ear Second son
7 Mountain Stand-still Earth Stomach, hand Third son
8 Earth Yielding Earth Spleen, belly Mother
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fields (Braden, 2007; Han, 2011). When the universe’s vast energy field and human body’s
small one are in synchronous resonance and assimilation, the body’s positive energy is
reinforced to block negative energy from entering.
When reciting the digit set, the information/energy may send out waves. These waves
can affect the whole body, or cause a specific body part to activate and vibrate or trigger the
corresponding Trigrams energy field to realign into an ordered state. The resonating energy
fields of man and nature together may affect the healing.
The Pronounciation of the SDT Formula
The nine numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 can be pronounced in different languages.
In English, for example, the 0 in the formula reads as zero, and the digitizer 3810 reads as
three-eight-one-zero.
The Structure of the SDT Formula
The simplest structure is the unitary structure, such as 650 or 30. There are dual structures
such as 650-30, or ternary structures such as 650-30-820, etc.
The Composition of the SDT Formula
The combination of digits in SDT follows the rule of “mother-child reinforcing-dispersing
therapy”. When reinforcing or dispersing, the digits are composed of a one-unit structure;
when flat-reinforcing or flat-dispersing, the digits are within an independent structural unit.
For example, in the case of liver blood deficiency, the formula 640 means water generating
wood, and reinforcing the liver blood. If liver Qi is in excess, the formula would be 430 or
4300, because wood generates fire to disperse liver stagnation. If liver Qi is between
deficiency and excess and needs flat-reinforcing or flat-dispersing, the digits are within an
independent structure. For example, the formula for meralgia is 50.
The Function and Usage of 0
The 0 used in SDT formulas has special meanings and functions. The ancients used 0 to
indicate the Taiji’s original Chaos (muddy vitality) Qi field phenomenon or special state.
There would be no Trigrams without the Taiji’s original Chaos Qi. Clinical practice has
demonstrated that 0 strengthens the energy of the information waves, which flows through
the Qi and regulates the Yin-Yang. Generally speaking, an even number of 0s reinforces
Yin and an odd number of 0s reinforces Yang. A 0 in front of the digit reinforces Yin, and
one behind the digit reinforces Yang. A 0 on both sides helps balance Yin and Yang.
Examples of SDT Sets
During the practice of SDT, patients can also accept other treatments depending on
their needs and health conditions. The application of SDT is a dynamic practice that is
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self-healing, self-balancing and self-detoxifying. It is a way to connect with the cosmic
energy field of the universe, affecting the individual’s circulation, and eventually changing
the human body condition through the invisible energy. The SDT practice aims to balance
Yin-Yang in the SDT energy field to “reinforce the deficiency and reduce the excess”
(Li, 2009). In an SDT formula, each digit unit has Yin and Yang utilizing the various
changes of 0 (zero). This dynamic balance changes in time and space. For example, in
descending the turbid, the SDT 0007000 set acts to heal pain. However, if recited for too
long, it can cause a heavy feeling in the lower limbs and stiffness in the waist. This is
because the SDT’s Mountain (Gen ( ), 7) carries the energy of “inactivity”, “stop” and
“heaviness”. Mountain implies soil, which can interfere with the water (kidney) and make
the parts around the kidney (such as the waist) feel stiff and heavy. Therefore, the formula
is dynamic and requires necessary adjustments.
In the winter, for example, the SDT 640-80 set induces a cold feeling, and the SDT 380-
650 set induces a warm feeling. Each digit combination in SDT has special temperature
information and Yin-Yang characteristics. The SDT 640-80 set has more Yin, whereas the
SDT 380-650 set has more Yang.
The SDT set in a formula should change with different symptoms and the newly
changed Yin-Yang. Even after physical symptoms disappear, practices with the SDT
should continue until the diseases are completely cured. An appropriate and correct SDT
formula brings comfort, relaxation and energy. Such a formula can be used continuously;
otherwise, the formula needs to be modified with another digit set.
Principles of Diagnosis and SDT Prescriptions
SDT relies on TCM diagnosis, which is based on the principle that “all internal illness can
be manifested externally” (People’s Health Publishing House, 1991). With this under-
standing, more experienced TCM physicians are trained to discern subtle symptoms or
manifestations. If one of the viscous is diseased, some corresponding parts or organs in the
human body surface would appear abnormal in color, tone, flavor, finger, pulse, etc., which
gives a very direct hint toward diagnosis. The Differentiation of Eight Syndromes Cate-
gories ( ) helps TCM physicians make a complete diagnosis (Xutian et al., 2014).
The combination of all related symptoms usually demonstrates the nature of the disease.
Based on differentiation diagnosis, “reinforcing the deficiency, dispersing the excess,” the
SDT is “mother-child reinforcing-dispersing therapy”, or “mother giving birth to child is
reinforcing (to child), mother giving birth is dispersing” (to mother). If there is neither defi-
ciency nor excess, “flat reinforcing and flat dispersing” would uplift the vital Qi of the internal
organs (Li and Li, 2009). For the lung deficiency, the digit set is 720. The formula is “Gen 7
(Earth,mother)generatingDui2(Metal,child)”,ormothergivingbirthtochild,toreinforceQi
deficiency. For the lung excess, the formula would be 260 or 2600. Dampness pathogens
require an odd number of zeros. Extra Yang adjustments require an even number of zeros.
Applying the “mother-child reinforcing-dispersing therapy” follows the rules of treating
“manifestation and root cause in order”, or “both manifestation and root cause of disease”,
or “the same disease with different therapies”, or “different diseases with the same
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method”, etc. For example, the abdominal pain and diarrhea caused by Spleen and Kidney
deficiency usually are not an emergency, so the root cause can be corrected by warmly
invigorating Spleen and Kidney. The SDT formula 650.80 benefits the kidney Yang,
and “8” vibrates the Spleen. The SDT formula would warmly invigorate the Spleen and
Kidney, strengthen the vital Qi, and expel the pathogen. On the other hand, for symptoms
such as a severe pain, urine retention or coma, the symptoms are treated first and the root
cause later, or both manifestation and root cause are treated at the same time. For example,
deafness is caused by different reasons: Kidney deficiency syndromes include dizziness,
back pain, fatigue and weak pulse, and are treated by reinforcing the Kidney. The SDT
formula 260 or Metal 2 (Dui) generates Kidney (Water 6, Kan). Liver and gallbladder
excess syndromes include a headache or dizziness, nasal congestion, a bitter taste, dry
throat, rib pain, a thick greasy tongue and a taut pulse. The corresponding treatment
disperses the liver Meridian. The SDT formula is 4300, meaning that Wood generates Fire
to disperse the Liver. This is an example of “treating the same disease with different
therapies”.
“Treating different diseases with the same method” applies when the root cause is the
same, but the syndromes are different. For example, the diarrhea, prolapsed anus and
prolapsed uterus caused by Spleen deficiency have the same root cause. Regardless of the
different syndromes, the root cause can be treated by enhancing the Spleen. The SDT
formula usually is 380.20 to reinforce the Spleen and Qi.
The Formula Design Method of Symbolism-Digit Therapy
The SDT prescription is similar to prescriptions of TCM herbs or acupuncture.
Choose the Number of the Formula Based on SDT
Imagery analogism is used to categorize Trigrams based on Zang-Fu organs, physiological
signs, and their relationships to characters, shapes, and all things. The Zhen Trigram,
digit 4, represents feet. A 0 (zero) before or after will help the vital Qi flow. For example,
Miss Li could not walk due to a sprained ankle with local swelling and pain. After reading
the formula 0004000 silently, the injured ankle felt cold and hot from time to time, and
eventually became more comfortable. The patient could walk after about 20min of the
treatment and fully recovered four days later (Li and Li, 2009). The three zeros added
before and after the digit 4 helped reduce swelling, disperse stasis by adjust the Yin-Yang,
and promote blood circulation.
Choose the Design of the Formula Based on Zang-Xiang Theory
The Dui Trigram 2, governs the lung and “lung governs skin and hair”, as shown in the
Zang-Xiang theory. The 2 can usually be used to treat skin diseases, especially when
adding 0. For example, Miss Da experienced a sudden attack of hives, with unbearable
itching, insomnia, and distress, all of which were unimproved by medicine. After reading
10 S. LI & S. XUTIAN
0002 silently for a few minutes, she felt her whole body relax and felt comfortable.
In 10min, the itching was reduced. The 2 disperses the external pathogen. Three zeros in
front of the 2 strengthens the effect of dispelling wind and dispersing water. Locating 0
in front of the digit toward Yin prevents the dispelling wind from being too strong (Li and
Li, 2009).
Choose the Design of Formula Based on “Monarch, Ministerial, Adjuvant,
Assistant” (( ))
This TCM prescription method emphasizes the order and the effects of primary and sec-
ondary herbs, and achieves a better result with the proper combination of herbs.
Liver Yang hyperactivity, with syndromes of dizziness, headache, anxiousness, and
lack of sleep can be treated with 640-30-80. Water (Kan, 6) is “monarch,” to nourishes
Kidney Yin. Thunder (Zhen, 4) is “ministerial,” and supplements liver Yin. The digit 640
nourishes Yin and suppresses hyperactive Yang. Earth (Kun, 8) is “assistant”. The digit 80
strengthens the Spleen, cleans and suppresses dirt. Fire (Li, 3) is an “adjuvant” governing
the heart. The digit 30 can reduce anxiety and tranquilize the mind.
Choose the Digit Formula Following the Meridian Flow
Mountain (Gen, 7) governs the stomach, and is related to the Yangming Meridian, which
goes from the foot to the head, passing near the nose. Nose diseases can be treated with the
formula 07. For example, Mr. Ling suffered headache due to rhinitis. When he read 07
silently, the symptom was cured on the same day (Li and Li, 2009).
Choose the Digit Formula Based on the Generation-Inhibition in Five-Elements
The SDT formula, whether a unitary structure or a combination of multiple structures, has
a generating relationship among the structures in most cases. The formula 650-30-820
warms and dredges the Kidney, and strengthens the Spleen and Qi. Water (Kan) is 6.
Wood =Wind (Xun) is 5. Water generates Wood is 650. Fire (Li) is 3. Wood generates Fire.
Earth (Kun) is 8. Fire generates Earth. Metal of Marsh (Dui) is 2. Earth generates Metal.
In multi-structure formulas, structures next to each other may also inhibit each other.
The formula to treat stomach pathogens is usually 40-70. Wood of Thunder (Zhen) is 4.
Earth (Gen) is 7. Wood inhibits Earth. However, there should be no inhibiting relationship
within the one-unit structure.
The SDT formula emphasizes the effect of 0, which is commonly and flexibly used with
odd or even numbers of 0 in different positions for different effects. For acute conjuncti-
vitis, the formula is 003. Fire (Li) is 3 and regulates eyes. Even numbers of 0s and 0s in
front of 3s, work toward cooling, inhibiting and dispersing the fire of acute conjunctivitis.
The quality of the silent reading formula directly influences the effects of healing, as in
the Qigong meditation program. All patients must relax the whole body, open his/or her
mind, think positively, keep calm, be honest, trustful, happy, full of love, and feel grateful
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to everything in the universe. Patients can recite the formulas any time, and it may be more
effective in mornings and evenings consistently. Many kinds of reactions and effects may
take place; it penetrates forthwith all phenomena and events under the sky and nothing
harms the patient.
Conclusion
Imagery analogism is wisdom to know all dynamic properties of things and their functional
relationships by means of infinite analogies. The SDT practice embodies the TCM reg-
ulations more incisively and vividly with flexibility, which can promote a better under-
standing of the essence of TCM, and manifest the real connection between human body
and the universe through invisible energy (Qi) interaction. Some TCM phenomenal
theories found 3,000 years ago have been gradually better understood in the context of the
new discoveries of modern sciences, such as the speed of emotional energy transport and
the unique function of the heart of human beings. SDT can be used to treat various
diseases, even in some urgent cases. The unique characteristics of SDT include: natural-
ization (keeping the patients’ body and mind relaxed and natural); freedom (there are no
special requirements such as time, location and environment); self-control (patients recite
an individualized prescript formula as often as they can). The main advantages of SDT are
the convenience, low cost, zero side effects, and safety. SDT can be unified with other
treatments. In special situations, other people such as relatives can help recite and obtain
the effective treatment. More importantly, the SDT is not only useful for treating illness,
but is good for preventing potential health problems as well. The case study and other
information are listed in the related references.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Dr. Chun-Su Yuan, Dr. Joann Woznik, Dr. Jun Zhang, Dr.
Johanne Boisvert and Ms. Maureen Schaber for editing the manuscripts. We also would
like to thank Dr. Philippe Thouin, Dr. Hanpu Hu, Mr. Zhu Hua, Mr. Zongxian Yu and
Ms Helen Yuan for translating some materials into English.
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